THE MILLENNIUM ROUND OF MULTINATIONAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

International Relations/Trade,

COMMODITY OUTLOOK 2003: U.S. AND WORLD SUGAR MARKETS

Crop Production/Industries,

MARKETING INSTITUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY MARKETS

Marketing,

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL TRADE: WHERE ARE THE GAINS?

This paper discusses the interface between the U.S. agricultural policy and the economic gains from exports. The theory shows that the net gains from trade after government subsidies are accounted for can be small or nonexistent. Some empirical evidence is discussed to support this claim. Policy options are presented to enhance gains from trade from U.S. exports.International Relations/Trade,

The Complexities of the Interface between Agricultural Policy and Trade

Tariff and non-tariff barriers are widespread as applied to agricultural trade. The theory of gains from trade considers the impacts of free trade relative to no trade and to non-tariff barriers, while the theory of agricultural policy generally places little weight on the international trading sector. However, it is necessary to combine agricultural policy with the international trading sector so that agricultural policy instruments such as price supports are considered together with barriers to trade such as tariffs. This is possible within the context of welfare economics when considering the costs and benefits of alternative agricultural and trade policies.agricultural policy, biofuels, export taxes, gains from trade, tariffs, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, Political Economy, Production Economics,

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL TRADE: WHERE ARE THE GAINS?: REPLY

International Relations/Trade,

The brave new world: imperfect information, segregation costs, and genetically modified organisms

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops in the mid 1990s appeared to be the latest in a string of technological innovations in agriculture. However, consumer resistance, particularly in Europe has limited the sector’s enthusiasm. One response to the limited enthusiasm has been the emergence of segregated markets for GM and non-GM products. These separated markets reduce economic welfare because they require additional costs in the marketing system. Offsetting these segregation costs, however, the introduction of GM technologies offers increased economic welfare through reduced commodity prices for consumers who are indifferent to the presence of GM traits and increased profits to producers who adopt GM technologies. This study develops the combinations of segregation costs and increased supplies that leave societal surplus unchanged. Any GM technology that yields a larger increase in supply for any segregation cost depicted in this relationship meets the compensation principle and, thus, improves societal welfare. In this case, market based adoption of these technologies improve economic surplus. On the other hand, technologies that yields less increase in supply for any segregation cost reduces societal welfare. Under this scenario, market based adoption will not be welfare improving and, hence, government regulation may be required.genetically modified (GM) crops, compensation principle, segregation costs, Pareto principle, immiserizing growth, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

WHERE IS THE WALRASIAN AUCTIONEER FOR AGRICULTURAL MARKETS? AN EXAMINATION OF THE MARKETING INSTITUTION

In the classical development of economic equilibrium and efficiency, transaction costs are seldom considered. This study develops a micro- market model of an agricultural market based on quality differences. The study then develops a model of market structure based on the New Theory of the Firm. Using the two models, we draw conclusions about economic potential for E-Commerce.Marketing,

Agricultural Policy: High Commodity and Input Prices

Because of high commodity prices, beginning in 2006, subsidies to farmers in the United States, the European Union, and Canada have been reduced significantly. However, significant losses have been experienced by the red meat sector, along with escalating food prices. Because of rising input costs, the “farm boom†may not be as great as first thought. Ethanol made from corn and country-of-origin labeling cloud the U.S. policy scene. Higher commodity prices have caused some countries to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers, resulting in freer commodity trade worldwide. Policymakers should attempt to make these trade-barrier cuts permanent and should rethink current policy legislation to deal with the possibility of a collapse of world commodity markets. Agricultural commodity prices have dropped significantly since early 2008.agricultural policy, high commodity prices, input prices, Agricultural and Food Policy,